Handle exceptions using try-catch blocks and perform cleanup with finally.
The `try-catch-finally` construct is the cornerstone of exception handling in Java. It provides a structured way to manage errors and prevent program crashes. The `try` block is where you place the code that you anticipate might throw an exception. This could be anything from reading a file that might not exist to performing a division that could result in dividing by zero. If an exception occurs within the `try` block, the normal execution flow is immediately halted, and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) looks for a corresponding `catch` block. The `catch` block is where you handle the exception. Each `catch` block is designed to handle a specific type of exception. For example, `catch (FileNotFoundException e)` will only execute if a `FileNotFoundException` is thrown. Inside the `catch` block, you can log the error, inform the user, or attempt to recover from the error. You can have multiple `catch` blocks to handle different types of exceptions. The `finally` block is optional, but it's very powerful. The code inside a `finally` block is guaranteed to be executed, regardless of what happens in the `try` block. It executes whether an exception is thrown or not, and even if a `return` statement is encountered in the `try` or `catch` blocks. This makes it the perfect place for cleanup code, such as closing file streams, database connections, or network sockets, ensuring that critical resources are always released.